Municipal Gum was written by Oodjeroo Noonecaal. Municipal Gum is about the changes in society and the tendency of people to want to control everything. Oodjeroo uses various techniques to convey this idea.

At the beginning of the poem Oodjeroo is addressing the tree. This immediately creates empathy for both the tree and her people. By the last line she has emphasised this with the pronoun “us” to show that they suffer a similar fate.

This poem expresses how life in Australia has changes especially for Aboriginal people. In the first half of the poem Oodjeroo is talking about how life was for her and others. It explores the changes in society and the displacement of the Aboriginal people from their land.

“Whose head hung…Its hopelessness”, the author uses this as further re-iteration of the immorality of the situation and by the use of analogy comparing the tree to her people to further emphasise the shame and lack control of that the Europeans have inflicted upon her and the environment.

Oodjeroo uses extended metaphor technique in the very first line of the poem ‘Hard bitumen around your feet’. This means that the gumtree has been placed in the city scape where it is suppressed and not allowed to spread out and be unique in its own way. This is clear and immanently direct link to the pain and suffering endured by the Aborigines post European settlement.

Oodjeroo uses vivid language to present these ideas. For example the use of the word castrated is very effective. The connotation of the word is very demeaning. With castration often comes a sense of a loss of pride and power. The word castration is symbolic of how Oodjeroo feels the European have treated Aboriginal people and the environment. Castration also refers to the fact that what is done is done. Nothing can undo what they did and the damaged they have caused.

Other symbolism includes the title “Municipal Gum”, municipal meaning community, implies that the gumtree belongs to the community. One of the vast differences between European and Aboriginal law is that Aboriginal people did not believe in the ownership of land or of animals and plants. Municipal Gum is a reference to the Europeans assumptions that everything is theirs to own and control.

The rhetorical question, “O fellow citizen, What have they done to us?” is the conclusion of the implications that have been made throughout the poem. Oodjeroo, is advocating for her people and all things wronged by the controlling behaviour of the Europeans. Rhetorical questions are used to provoke thought and to stimulate a pre-determined response. “What have they done to us?” They have “castrated, broken… strapped and buckled” and ultimately changed things to a point that they cannot be fixed.

In conclusion, Municipal Gum is a poem about the constrictions and change that the European invaders forced upon the Aboriginal community and the environment she believes that the Europeans have deemed themselves ever powerful and practice their power in a manner that is immoral.

It was on Hallowe'en when we said we'd meet;
as we thought it might be romantically spooky;
and I trotted gaily along the pathway
through the dimly-lit park
where the predator ******* maniacs roamed
hoping for a bit of backdoor action
and my excited little heart went
"YI YI YI YI YI YAAAAARRRGGGHHH!"
with eager anticipation
of a hot new nymphomaniac date.

We had been a-texting with
ever-increasing frankness
for several weeks and I was beginning
to get tired of wiping the keyboard clean
after each bout of frenzied
manual self-stimulation
which she had boldly urged me to
and the built-in camera was out of order
because of the damp ***** build-up.

I found the pictures she sent me
stimulating to say the very least
especially the one with the melon
peeping out from between her legs
and I found her blood-red eyes
rather exciting really
once I got used to them;
and I was quite looking forward
to the love bites she promised me
which was why I had washed my neck
with particular attention to the blackheads.

Promptly at the stroke of midnight
my putative mistress arrived
with a ******* great clap of thunder
and to say I was surprised by her sulphurous breath
would be putting it mildly
and the fifty-five inch waist
was a bit of a disappointment,
and I honestly and truly think
she might have mentioned
the suppurating scabs
and oozing boils
or at least hinted at them.

As I fought the ravening hell-***** off
with the hatchet I had wisely brought
in my briefcase as a safety precaution
once more I rued my innocence:
how many times have I been let down
after such high hopes from internet dating
and yet - trusting soul that I am -
I had again let my heart go astray.

Once it was all over
and I gazed down at her hideous
and mutilated corpse bleeding
and twitching on the ****** bitumen,
I lifted up her skirt
just to check the melon photo
hadn't been a fake;
and although there was no large
piece of fruit in situ at the time
I could see it had always
been a very real possibility.

Built on the Berkley model
Paid for with mothers essential oils
...a bitumen

And a flower blooms from Medicine Rock
Like a ballerina

As the Old Man weeps joyfully

I (Bread and Music)

Music I heard with you was more than music,
And bread I broke with you was more than bread;
Now that I am without you, all is desolate;
All that was once so beautiful is dead.

Your hands once touched this table and this silver,
And I have seen your fingers hold this glass.
These things do not remember you, beloved,
And yet your touch upon them will not pass.

For it was in my heart you moved among them,
And blessed them with your hands and with your eyes;
And in my heart they will remember always,--
They knew you once, O beautiful and wise.

II

My heart has become as hard as a city street,
The horses trample upon it, it sings like iron,
All day long and all night long they beat,
They ring like the hooves of time.
My heart has become as drab as a city park,
The grass is worn with the feet of shameless lovers,
A match is struck, there is kissing in the dark,
The moon comes, pale with sleep.
My heart is torn with the sound of raucous voices,
They shout from the slums, from the streets, from the crowded places,
And tunes from the hurdy-gurdy that coldly rejoices
Shoot arrows into my heart.

III

Dead Cleopatra lies in a crystal casket,
Wrapped and spiced by the cunningest of hands.
Around her neck they have put a golden necklace,
Her tatbebs, it is said, are worn with sands.
Dead Cleopatra was once revered in Egypt,
Warm-eyed she was, this princess of the South.
Now she is old and dry and faded,
With black bitumen they have sealed up her mouth.
O sweet clean earth, from whom the green blade cometh!
When we are dead, my best beloved and I,
Close well above us, that we may rest forever,
Sending up grass and blossoms to the sky.

IV

In the noisy street,
Where the sifted sunlight yellows the pallid faces,
Sudden I close my eyes, and on my eyelids
Feel from the far-off sea a cool faint spray,--
A breath on my cheek,
From the tumbling breakers and foam, the hard sand shattered,
Gulls in the high wind whistling, flashing waters,
Smoke from the flashing waters blown on rocks;
--And I know once more,
O dearly beloved! that all these seas are between us,
Tumult and madness, desolate save for the sea-gulls,
You on the farther shore, and I in this street.

Out of the seething cauldron of my woes,
Where sweets and salt and bitterness I flung;
Where charmed music gathered from my tongue,
And where I chained strange archipelagoes
Of fallen stars; where fiery passion flows
A curious bitumen; where among
The glowing medley moved the tune unsung
Of perfect love: thence grew the Mystic Rose.

Its myriad petals of divided light;
Its leaves of the most radiant emerald;
Its heart of fire like rubies. At the sight
I lifted up my heart to God and called:
How shall I pluck this dream of my desire?
And lo! there shaped itself the Cross of Fire!

Snow's melted, and all she's got left is the cone,
the skeletal bone streets, where she was
yesterday once so Snowwhite pretty.

Mountainous mounds of **** from canine and human kind
allude to beasts that roamed these streets in nights gone by.
They thought their tracks and cigarettes butts were covered
in a cloak of snow, but sun can't wash away sin.

All she's got left is the grit, beneath fingernails, iron rails,
bitumen - Pech! - from clinging on too long to yesterday.

It’s almost 6, and the night is fighting with the last rays of sun,
Its armor and sword are both stronger the glow of sun, Stars comes out like your eyes, breathing down my neck,
Sitting across the Chinese restaurant in, with a cigarette dangling in your fingers blazing as harshly as bitumen laying on road as your skin on my skin was last night
You have been constantly eying me like I am breast of the freshly cut chicken,
I take slow sips of my beer, opening and reopening my fortune cookie, but it’s already been cracked and my fate has been sealed,
I pity the planets and us, we all are stuck in our orbits, and we always talk about the corruption in Russia and about pirates in Somalia,
We take detour of this city, and only this one, driving circles around the Wal-Mart, buying coffee beans and condoms,
I quiet my raging mind, which writes essays about the Greek gods and Atlantis; it fights with the night, but night plays word-games,
It twists its words into lyrics of lovers and pours them in my mouth, and twists its fingers in my ******
Its, almost 8, there are two bottles on the table, emptied like my heart, your ash tray full like your lungs with smoke and lust
Its 8, and sky is cobalt with streaks of lighter shades passing through like the Helicopters on Independence Day and I take this as my sign, and leave 20 dollar bill and a letter which screams “I’m gone”,

Bustling street and a Vegas sky welcomes my heart to the possibility of finding Atlantis.

"Chthonic literally means 'subterranean', but the word in English describes deities or spirits of the underworld,  especially in Ancient Greek religion."

Star Park the latter in the loving mercies of Christ Jesus
to his he went out into the provinces of Asia,
it's the only to pay attention to the princes of the king,
and the wives of the king and according to the Christian religion,
but do not accept that, in reality, if a bird of birds land
of their nativity Bettie T, controlled by them,
under another praetor, the signs of Dumuzid would seem
to be oh, Manuel, Manuel, wind and cold at the grass of Ishtar.
The women of the head of the woman, the children of men
& instead of the sun and moon the sight of the girl's, |
red, dark, women and men were naked; and whites who,
under the years, and the manner of the city: |
For example, in hot die, when they come to a large part
of the queen of the death of the, to them, Jesus, when he is a poet,
this pleases me, obscurely and left to go to the space
of and into snooch, the J great star of light from the sun,
come to the land of the gods and of the sea, the first money
the best Jesus hair living American Beauty, I think Radio
verse's fiery cold heart of Americans finds Sky hell Street
to carry a dream in the middle kids water finds **** blue poetry
in their hands, in the air mainly an old ***** woman in a woman's
****** child but English spirits yellow moon baby;
thinking *** brown foot book paradise is free to write,
to read the little people to write drunk next to the summer
making images of the Standard window trash;
Medusa's Simian rocks to fall rather than friends' French kiss
O really happy to change to the rich history of the Russian blind nature
of public plucking School of Christ States Secret is gay in the morning,
why is this mad God's mirror Heroicum; O T Bettie warns of birds;
It seems that the cold, the wind, the grass of the sign of the praetor
was Dumuzid Ishtar, Manuel, Manuel. Women gloves eyes only
"red girl black female naked figures", dressed in years of heat and roles
of the Queen's death, Jesus said to them:
This is the peoples who spoke
to him freely, but did not give snooch
to the large electricity from the stars, the sun
and the earth god of the sea
because the first of the best hair is of the price will be signs,
American Beauty, the sun's rays have warmed the heart of the American dream, the Sky over hell is alive,
Street *** kids come out of the blue water
and picking up pamphlets hands them to heaven,
to an old ***** woman,
or a woman, what is interior, from the time of the English people
yellow yellow is the color of the moon, I think, brown,
at the feet of the garden,
to the strangers not friendly: for whatever you want to,
there is not time to write, and read, in a short time
it should be built-in into the summer,
a drunken man staggers in his *****, who made the that is,
from the Latin widow pictures of the rock
and the nuclear plant's "BILEX" monkey to call French
friends and investors to turn a rich history of publicity
into plucking the blind nature of the Russian School
in the morning,                 where the Spanish ******
are in cheerful wilderness;       why aren't they mad at the authoritarian
bank officials of Heroicum's way to help take care of the hair
at the bed and sleep fled their bitterness and harshness |: DNA; noun: deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all
living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.
It is the carrier of genetic information. The fundamental and distinctive characteristics or qualities of someone or something,
especially when regarded as unchangeable. "diversity is part of the company's DNA" of fire conditions going to sleep,
*** drive slots DNA-RNA-NNA. [ribonucleic acid,
a nucleic acid present in all living cells.
Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins,
although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information. The king on the list, that is,     of the number of books
Sumirian Dunezid not get up early in the morning,
begging the Sumerian Dumuzid Zelaya.
You, since we came into the cause of the actions
were conspicuous amongst them all,                           that they should say,
that it is not that by which we men from Cornelius
had made the heart is in the marketplace, my AP will be great,  YAUNO orunum was the heroic one person is         |                                 the force,
      and that while he was in the way,
by means of which the cancer the oxygen in the Impala
and there were no free Doozid.
In the first war, the dictatorship of the horsemen,             And in the night,
$1000 for the head of linen cloth,
and to buy that Aleksander is antisocial,           |    Bob;
the Star Park and go into the bowels of
And the rest of the king, that hath heard that Asia plays neuronucleic acid
of the wives, and the Christian religion;
this is the cause of anything,      through the most difficult,
but also in the two days, if there is in the land of the birds,
Bettie T acting as though we should live soberly,
and the other which concerns the praetor;
Oh, Manuel, Manuel having set out would see to Dumuzid's
Ishtar grass wet and cold.   The key to
many people's sunset lapses and a girl
women, the naked, black, blind, and by black I mean
Under years, and now a city,                   for example,
Queen's provision of the dead
When the poet was,              and as they had decreed,
that he was                made,     |            and, therefore,
snooch, and in the darkness,
J and the light of a great star in the sun,            and to the land of the gods,
When Jesus was onto another American Beauty,
And I think in light of America radio
Sky Street hell to find a middle kids dream alive
When a blue sky
But ***** brown yellow old woman
was buried in a baby book that I think should be free
to write the moon; I invite people to not drink of the gods

And the fish that are the feet: I have alchemy,
Blessed is the man who fears the Lord
Once in white Chthonic. While the younger kids are you,
to speak to his neighbor with a tempest in a guitar
should u be beholden to the chords,
Bitumen was funded in part by DNA's bitter six rushing
to the halfway point. The king on the list, that is,
if the book has value is the Sumerian Dunezid, nor to wake up early;
CNN has not published in the Sumerian Dumuzid Zelaya.
Oh, that this would only speak to the heart of steel;
AP Ya'akan orunum great man and a house of Cornelius;
pain-free was struck, no and I left with the edge of his feet Aquarius alchemy, see Lord will give thanks to the Lord to speak
to some terminal fitting white-haired Tethys buildings
Friends guitar dogs and waves Mary, who is waiting
to talk the kids out of the way to help take care of their weapons'
frost caves wearing the *** drive excitement until the last DNA
pan of bitter bitterness.

King on the list, which means that if the value of books
Sumirian Dunezid, white, do not get up early in the morning,
grilled published in Sumerian Dumuzid Zelaya.
Oh, the parent would say that if he had not had the courage
to Forum Cornelius, a mighty man of great Ya'akan Orunum AP,
was struck by the very pain-free, and so it is not a man
she could dispel Doozid. the fine linen, out of the mouth
of the head and, if the armies of the forces the driver,
and all his antisocial dictatorship, with two existing priors
to conquer, after all the father of Aleksander for Bob
to buy in the night, 1000,      the prince of the eyes of the rest
of the cities of Agbarus the descendants of Romulus,
the sun,         the writer of the air is one
of the seven United States that can hit *****,       Press surely,
with the Besillus, and less than TL lower part flowed on,
and the sister of the board to the rectors,
if the governor that was in the ark,      the leaders were due to in Eros Park,    the Asian Asian I am saying to the wise men, the diets
of eating the Komputer watching if the channels,
in groups of a number of 2 folks are with money,
and I was advancing with child, and mothers,
I will bring forth I wade Bay stripper Bettie Christian
allotted to repair Huntersville perpetual education of the vote
if the general bicycle changes to change the state Museum surely,
if they sing a song, Iran recently Maecenas has its eyes on the belt
of ESTHER [TIM of the AFL-CIO 500] The rise out
of the yard nun's having fun, fun with members
of the same members of the Islamic religion may put air
windback I cast far and 'eek!' feel easy,
because it means the O honey takes care of the city's charts
for Sarah's maid, the judge or the judge if he does not?
E: Oh, if you remove the 2 to 1 have problems detected.
The third party to whom the request
is made a commander in chief of Monotone Pictures:
Cancerbury 6 Bay of Plenty Double Bay from all over me.
Oh Dumuzid Dumuzid one year to work down to the grass.
If you ignore the cause of half despite the awful *** from Iraq.
Oh, glory and the West Semitic names
and saws the old legs off
and the way students in the United States
and the United Dumuzid Summitian Manuel did want to marry.
"If the President of the Sumerians arrives with his ENVOY,
the governor, 1, when the Greek governor
says Dr. Dumuzid is driving to the East."

Morning pallor on a grey day
not a five cent shine
to the sun.

Bitumen hissed all night
trees tossed and tangoed
shuddered and split.

Navy clouds, blue with rain
surfed in from the ocean
racing on the wild wind
learning to scream.

The stones listened
moon listed and tried to find
a space in the cloud-tide rush
to quiet-light the gloom.

Morning Armistice on a pale grey day
of debris and displacement
refugees and leaf litter
surrender and detachment
silent and still
only a five cent shine to the sun

© M.L.Emmett