Classical mechanics -
Second law of motion
History: or Timeline; The flow of sand in an hourglass
can be used to measure the passage of time.
It also concretely represents the present
as being between the past and the future.
Time is the indefinite continued progress
of existence and events that occur in apparently
irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
Time is a component quantity
of various measurements used
to sequence events, to compare
the duration of events or the intervals between them,
& to quantify rates of change
of quantities in material reality
or in the conscious experience;
[Time is often referred to as a fourth dimension,
along with three spatial dimensions;
A representation of a three-dimensional
Cartesian coordinate system
with the x-axis pointing towards the observer [u & me]
[ Geometry ]
Stereographic projection in 3D | Projecting a sphere to a plane.
Outline; History; Branches
Concepts; features
Zero + One-dimensional + Two-dimensional + Three-dimensional =
Volume; Cube/cuboid/Cylinder/Pyramid/Sphere
Four- / other-dimensional[show]
Geometers:
Crystal Clear Three-dimensional space
(also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space)
is a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are
required to determine the position of an element (i.e., point).
This is the informal meaning of the term dimension.
In physics and mathematics,
a sequence of n numbers
can be understood as a location
in n-dimensional space. When n = 3,
the set of all such locations is called
three-dimensional [ ] Euclidean space.
It is commonly represented by the
symbol ℝ3. This serves as a three-parameter
model of the physical universe
(that is, the spatial part, without
considering time) in which all known
matter exists. However, this space
is only [one example]
of a large variety
of spaces in three dimensions called
3-manifolds. In this classical example,
when the three values refer to measurements
in different directions (coordinates),
any three directions can be chosen,
provided that vectors in these directions
do not all lie in the same 2-space (plane).
Furthermore, in this case, these three
values can be labeled by any combination
of three chosen from the terms width, height, depth, and breadth.
Eternal return (also known as eternal recurrence)
is a theory that the universe & all existence
& energy has been recurring,
& will continue to recur,
in a self-similar form
an infinite number
of times across infinite time or space;
The theory is found in Indian philosophy
& in ancient Egypt and was subsequently
taken up by the Pythagoreans & Stoics.
With the decline of antiquity & the spread
of Christianity, the theory fell into disuse
in the Western world, with the exception
of Friedrich Nietzsche, who connected
the thought to many of his other concepts,
including amor fati; Eternal return is based
on the philosophy of predeterminism in that
people are predestined to continue repeating
the same events [over and over again].
The basic premise proceeds from the assumption
that the probability of a world coming into existence
exactly like our own is greater than zero
[I know this because our world exists];
If space & time are infinite, it follows
logically that our existence must recur
[ ] an infinite number of times.
In 1871 Louis Auguste Blanqui, assuming
a Newtonian cosmology where time & space
are infinite, claimed to have demonstrated
eternal recurrence as a mathematical certainty.
However in the post-Einsteinian
period researchers cast doubts on the idea ( ), ( ) -
that time or space was in fact infinite,
but many models provide the
notion of spatial or temporal
infinity required by the eternal-return
hypothesis:
The oscillatory universe model in physics
offers an example of how the universe
may cycle through the same events
infinitely. Arthur Eddington's concept
of the "arrow of time", for example,
discusses
cosmology as proceeding up to a
certain
point after which it | undergoes a time reversal
[which as a consequence of T-symmetry
is thought to bring about a chaotic state
due to entropy];
Multiverse hypotheses in physics
describe models where space or time
is infinite, although local universes
with their
own big bangs could be
finite space-time bubbles.
In ancient Egypt, the scarab [dung beetle]
was viewed as a sign of eternal renewal,
reemergence of life, & a reminder
of the life to come.
( ), [ ];
The Mayans, Aztecs & others also ( ) took a cyclical view of time.
In ancient Greece, the concept
of eternal return was connected
w/ Empedocles, Zeno of Citium,
& most notably w/ Stoicism
(the concept described & epitomized
in the Biblical Book of Ecclesiastes):
Ekpyrosis (/ˌɛkpɪˈroʊsɪs/; Ancient Greek: ἐκπύρωσις ekpyrōsis,
"conflagration") is a Stoic belief
in the periodic destruction of the cosmos
by a great conflagration every Great Year
(universe as a measure of time).
The cosmos is then recreated
[palingenesis] only to be destroyed
again at the end of the new cycle.
This form of catastrophe is the opposite
of kataklysmos (κατακλυσμός, "inundation"),
the destruction of the earth by water: (great floods, Ice Ages)
( ), ( ), ( );
The concept of ekpyrosis
is attributed by ( )
Plutarch to Chrysippus.
The ekpyrotic universe (/ˌɛkpaɪˈrɒtɪk/)
is a cosmological model of the early universe
that explains the origin of the large-scale
structure of the cosmos. The model has also
been incorporated in the cyclic universe theory
[or ekpyrotic cyclic universe theory],
which proposes a complete cosmological
history of both past
and future.
[Palingenesis (/ˌpælɪnˈdʒɛnəsɪs/; or palingenesia)
is a concept of rebirth or re-creation,
used in various contexts in philosophy,
theology, politics, and biology. Its meaning
stems from Greek palin, meaning again, and genesis, meaning birth.
In biology, it is another word for recapitulation—
the largely discredited hypothesis
which talks of the phase in the development
of an organism in which its form and structure
pass through the changes undergone in the evolution
of the species. In political theory, it is a central
component of Roger Griffin's analysis
of Fascism as a fundamentally modernist ideology.
In theology, the word may refer to reincarnation
or to Christian spiritual rebirth symbolized by baptism];
The word palingenesis or rather palingenesia
(Ancient Greek: παλιγγενεσία) may be traced
back to the Stoics who used the term
for the continual re-creation of the universe;
Similarly Philo spoke of Noah & his sons
as leaders of a renovation or rebirth of the earth,
Plutarch of the
transmigration of souls, & Cicero of his own return
from exile.
A section of Metempsychosis (1923) by Yokoyama Taikan;
a drop of water from the vapors in the sky
transforms into a mountain stream,
which flows into a great river and on into the sea,
whence rises a dragon that turns back to vapor;
National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo
[Important Japanese Cultural Property]
Metempsychosis (Greek: μετεμψύχωσις)
is a philosophical term in the Greek language
referring to transmigration of the soul,
especially its reincarnation after death.
Generally, the term derived from the context
of ancient Greek philosophy has been recontextualised
by modern philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer
& Kurt Gödel, otherwise, the term "transmigration"
is more appropriate. The word plays a prominent role
in James Joyce's Ulysses & is also associated with Nietzsche.
Another term for
palingenesis.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
