Modernism includes the American Civil War, excludes the Neo-Expressionists; & excludes the Crimean War & Punk Rock as book ends. Neither the railroad nor Internet are Modern; The radio, telephone, stereo & television are.
The Crimean War was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. Oct 5, 1853 – Mar 30, 1856